Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2025, 52(1):15-32 | DOI: 10.17221/31/2024-HORTSCI

A review on crop improvement strategies and breeding methods in ornamental annualsReview

R Priyadharsini1, K R Rajadurai2, A Beaulah3, M Madhan Mohan4, K Venkatesan5, S Rajesh6
1 Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam, Theni, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India
2 Department of Post Harvest Technology, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam, Theni, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India
3 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural Research Station, Vaigai Dam, Tamil Nadu, India
4 4Department of Natural Resource Management, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam, Theni, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India

The availability of a broad variety of cultivars in many ornamental species has increased recently, in particular for attractive annuals, which are valued commercially for their use as cut flowers, potted plants, loose flowers, and in landscape gardening. The breeding of ornamental plants in the current scenario is a challenging endeavour with constantly evolving new obstacles. Modern genomic technologies provide prospects for improved precision breeding and selection for characteristics that are more difficult to determine. Traditionally, ornamental breeding has been focused on increasing resistance to biotic or abiotic stress, novelty, yield, and quality. However, accomplishing these objectives necessitates tedious cross-breeding, and exact breeding methods have been noticed to be not applied constantly. Though the purposes of ornamental crop breeding may vary, the process generally does not differ from the breeding of other crops. Furthermore, vegetatively propagated ornamentals constitute most of the crops. The expanding interest in ornamental crops that are produced by modern crop breeding methods such as genome editing, chromosome manipulation, molecular marker-assisted breeding, mutation breeding, and exploiting somaclonal variations, particularly in relation to altering desirable plant features and producing new ornamental traits of the crops which is the main objective of crop improvement practices. Hence, it has become obligatory to evaluate the current state of any technology created following an in-depth study carried out by several research organisations.

Keywords: breeding strategies; crop improvement; cross breeding; genome editing; mutation; precision breeding

Received: February 15, 2024; Revised: July 1, 2024; Accepted: July 10, 2024; Prepublished online: March 26, 2025; Published: March 28, 2025  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Priyadharsini R, Rajadurai KR, Beaulah A, Madhan Mohan M, Venkatesan K, Rajesh S. A review on crop improvement strategies and breeding methods in ornamental annuals. Hort. Sci. (Prague). 2025;52(1):15-32. doi: 10.17221/31/2024-HORTSCI.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Abubakar A., Falusi A.O., Daudu O.A.Y. (2017): Morphological and phenotypic effects of fast neutron irradiation (FNI) on Lagos spinach (Celosia argentea L.). Radiation Science and Technology, 3: 47-53. Go to original source...
    2. Abubakar A., Falusi A.O., Daudu O.A.Y., Kolo J.T., Salaudeen A.J., Chikwendu C.S. (2022): Study of molecular diversity in Celosia argentea var. Cristata (L.) mutants using RAPD markers. Badeggi Journal of Agricultural Research and Environment, 4: 1-9. Go to original source...
    3. Ahmed W., Ali B., Kumar S., Memon N.U.N., Wahocho N.A., Miano T.F., Memon, M.U.N. (2022): Seed germination, vegetative growth and flowering performance of cockscomb (Celosia cristata L.) in response to different potting media. Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research, 9: 13-22. Go to original source...
    4. Aisyah S., Buchori A., Nurcholis W. (2021): Improving the morphology of Celosia argentea var. plumosa through induced mutation by gamma ray irradiation. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 1334, 63-70. Go to original source...
    5. Aisyah S.I., Saraswati R.A.M., Yudha Y.S., Nurcholis W. (2023): Total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of three selected Portulaca grandiflora mutants in MV8 generation as a result of recurrent irradiation technique. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, 11: 245-249.
    6. Alturaifi A., Elansary H.O., Rabhi M. (2023): Effects of low and moderate salinity on Zinnia marylandica. Journal of Plant Production, 14: 253-256. Go to original source...
    7. Amirul Alam M., Juraimi A.S., Rafii M., Hamid A.A., Kamal Uddin M., Alam M., Latif M. (2014): Genetic improvement of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and its future prospects. Molecular Biology Reports, 41: 7395-7411. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Anderson N.O., Gesick E., Fritz V., Rohwer C., Yao S., Johnson P., Poppe S., Liedl B.E., Klossner L., Eash N. (2014): MammothTM series garden chrysanthemum 'Lavender Daisy'. HortScience, 49: 1600-1604. Go to original source...
    9. Anwar S., Karno K., Kusmiyati F., Herwibawa B. (2020): Induced mutation by gamma rays on performance of MV3 Callistephus chinensis at lowland. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 518. Semarang, Indonesia, September 11, 2019: 012066. Go to original source...
    10. Aravind S., Dhanavel D. (2021): Induced physical and chemical mutagenesis on Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) to determine the lethality, germination and seedling survivability. International Journal of Botany Studies, 6: 235-237.
    11. Ashok A., Velmurugan S. (2020): Review on seed production techniques in flowering ornamentals. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9: 190-198.
    12. Bado S., Forster B.P., Nielen S., Ali A.M., Lagoda P.J., Till B.J., Laimer M. (2015): Plant mutation breeding: Current progress and future assessment. In: Janick J. (ed.): Plant Breeding Reviews, Vol. 39. Hoboken, New Jersey, Wiley-Blackwell: 23-88. Go to original source...
    13. Bhargav V., Kumar R., Rao T.M., Bharathi T.U., Venugopalan R. (2018): Estimation of relative heterosis in F1 hybrids of China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees]. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7: 1225-1232. Go to original source...
    14. Bhargav V., Kumar R., Sane A., Rao T.M., Bharathi T.U., Shankara K.S., Reddy D.L. (2021): Molecular characterization of China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees] genotypes using SSR markers. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 68: 287-296. Go to original source...
    15. Bolz G. (1961): Genetisch-zuchterische Untersuchungen bei Tagetes III. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie,
    16. 46: 169-211. (in German)
    17. Broertjes C., Roest S., Bokelmann G. (1976): Mutation breeding of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram. using in vivo and in vitro adventitious bud techniques. Euphytica, 25: 11-19. Go to original source...
    18. Bugallo V., Facciuto G. (2023): Selection process in ornamental plant breeding. Ornamental Horticulture, 29: 68-75. Go to original source...
    19. Cheng X., Chen D., Luo C., Liu H., Huang C. (2023): Comparative transcriptome analysis of Ts (Resistant genotype) and Ma (Susceptible genotype) marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) leaves in response to Alternaria tagetica. Horticultural Plant Journal, 9: 321-334. Go to original source...
    20. Christensen B., Sriskandarajah S., Serek M., Muller R.P.B. (2008): Transformation of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana with rol-genes is useful in molecular breeding towards compact growth. Plant Cell Reports, 27: 1485-1495. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Dan Y., Baxter A., Zhang S., Pantazis C.J., Veilleux R.E. (2010): Development of efficient plant regeneration and transformation system for impatiens using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and multiple bud cultures as explants. BMC Plant Biology, 10: 1-12. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Datta S.K. (2022): Breeding of ornamentals: Success and technological status. The Nucleus, 65: 107-128. Go to original source...
    23. De L. (2017): Improvement of ornamental plants - A review. International Journal of Horticulture, 7: 180-204. Go to original source...
    24. Deroles S.C., Boase M.R., Konczak I. (1997): Transformation protocols for ornamental plants. Chapter 6. In: Geneve R., Preece J., Merkle S. (eds): Biotechnology of Ornamental Plants. New York, CAB International: 87-119.
    25. Eeckhaut T., Van Houtven W., Bruznican S., Leus L., Van Huylenbroeck J. (2020): Somaclonal variation in Chrysanthemum × morifolium protoplast regenerants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11: 607171. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Feng N., Xue Q., Guo Q., Zhao R., Guo M. (2009): Genetic diversity and population structure of Celosia argentea and related species revealed by SRAP. Biochemical Genetics, 47: 521-532. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Gholizadeh A. (2011): Prediction of the presence of transcriptionaly active bacterial-type transposase gene in Celosia cristata. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5: 757-761.
    28. Ghosh S., Naika M.B., Nishani S., Shiragur M., Bhat A. (2018): Studies on somatic embryognesis in Chrysanthemum cv. Marigold using root and leaf as explants. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Go to original source...
    29. 7: 3965-3971.
    30. Goldsmith G.A. (1968): Current developments in the breeding of F1 hybrid annuals. HortScience, 3: 269-271. Go to original source...
    31. Gosal S.S., Wani S.H. (2018): Biotechnologies of Crop Improvement, Volume 2: Transgenic Approaches. Cham, Springer. Go to original source...
    32. Goswami M., Kuchay M.A. (2023): Hybridization: Importance, techniques and consequences. Chapter 12. In: Thakur S., Sood R., Chawla R., C K., Sheoran N. (eds): Recent Trends in Agriculture. Delhi, Integrated Publications: 185-198.
    33. Grant W.F. (1954): A cytological study of Celosia argentea, C. argentea var. cristata, and their hybrids. Botanical Gazette, 115: 323-336. Go to original source...
    34. Green S.R., Picchioni G.A., Murray L.W., Wall M.M. (2010): Yield and quality of field grown celosia and globe amaranth cut flowers at four plant densities. HortTechnology, 20: 612-619. Go to original source...
    35. Gulia R., Beniwal B., Sheoran S., Sandooja J. (2017): Evaluation of marigold genotypes for growth, flowering, yield and essential oil content. Research on Crops, 18: 299-304. Go to original source...
    36. Gupta V., ur Rahman L. (2015): An efficient plant regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Tagetes erecta. Protoplasma, 252: 1061-1070. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Hahn F., Nekrasov V. (2019): CRISPR/Cas precision: Do we need to worry about off-targeting in plants? Plant Cell Reports, 38: 437-441. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    38. Hanzelka P., Kobza F. (2004): Genome induced mutation in Callistephus chinensis Ness. - evaluation of plant fertility and seed characteristics. Horticultural Science (Prague), 31: 22-26. Go to original source...
    39. Huang S.C., Tsai C.C., Sheu C.S. (2000): Genetic analysis of Chrysanthemum hybrids based on RAPD molecular markers. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica,
    40. 41: 257-262.
    41. Hussein N. (2013): Manipulation of ovaries/ovules and clearance and isolation of embryo sacs of Impatiens glandulifera and Nicotiana tabacum. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 5: 91-95. Go to original source...
    42. Jiang G.L. (2013): Molecular markers and marker-assisted breeding in plants. Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields, 3: 45-83. Go to original source...
    43. John B.B., Joseph O.O., Gbolagade J.S. (2016): Molecular variability of Celosia argentea using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker. Molecular Plant Breeding, 7: 1-6. Go to original source...
    44. Kapelev I., Rabotyagov V. (1981): Increasing the yield of essential oil marigold by means of polyploidy. In: Proceedings of the 4th Congress of Geneticists and Breeders of Ukraine, Odessa, 1981: 157-158. (in Russian)
    45. Karuppaiah P., Kumar S., Kumar P.S. (2004): Induced mutagenesis in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Indian Journal of Horticulture, 61: 62-65.
    46. Kato J., Mii M. (2012): Production of interspecific hybrids in ornamental plants. Plant Cell Culture Protocols, 887: 233-245. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Keadtidumrongkul P., Chirarat N., Somran S. (2018): Determination of LD50 of ethidium bromide for induction of mutation in marigolds. Naresuan University Journal: Science and Technology (NUJST), 26: 80-88.
    48. Kishi-Kaboshi M., Aida R., Sasaki K. (2017): Generation of gene-edited Chrysanthemum morifolium using multicopy transgenes as targets and markers. Plant and Cell Physiology, 58: 216-226. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    49. Kole P., Meher S. (2005): Effect of gamma rays of some quantitative and qualitative characters in Zinnia elegans NJ Jacguin in M1 generation. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, 8: 303-305.
    50. Kumar A., Sharan H., Dhiman D., Gautam R.D., Chauhan R., Kumar A., Singh S., Singh S. (2023): Microsatellite markers' based molecular divergence among the breeding lines of aromatic marigold (Tagetes minuta L.). Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 37: 100514. Go to original source...
    51. Kumari P., Kumar R., Rao T.M., Bharathi T.U., Dhananjaya M.V., Bhargav V. (2018): Crossability studies in China Aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees]. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Go to original source...
    52. 7: 2169-2175.
    53. Kushwah K., Verma R., Patel S., Jain N. (2018): Colchicine induced polyploidy in Chrysanthemum carinatum L. Journal of Phylogenetics & Evolutionary Biology, 6: 1000193. Go to original source...
    54. Larkin P.J., Scowcroft W.R. (1981): Somaclonal variation - A novel source of variability from cell cultures for plant improvement. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 60: 197-214. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    55. Lin Y., Jones M.L. (2022): CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of autophagy gene 6 in petunia decreases flower longevity, seed yield, and phosphorus remobilization by accelerating ethylene production and senescence-related gene expression. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 840218. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Luo C., Li Y., Budhathoki R., Shi J., Yer H., Li X., Yan B., Wang Q., Wen Y., Huang M. (2021): Complete chloroplast genomes of Impatiens cyanantha and Impatiens monticola: Insights into genome structures, mutational hotspots, comparative and phylogenetic analysis with its congeneric species. PloS One, 16: e0248182. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    57. Majumder J., Singh S., Kumari M., Verma M. (2018): Variability and correlation studies on induced mutants of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) for different traits and assessing them using molecular markers. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, 28: 223-236. Go to original source...
    58. Mallet J. (2005): Hybridization as an invasion of the genome. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 20: 229-237. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    59. Mathew P., Abraham M. (1980): Induced polyploidy in Tagetus erecta L. Cytologia, 45: 803-807. Go to original source...
    60. Mekapogu M., Kwon O.-K., Song H.-Y., Jung J.-A. (2022): Towards the improvement of ornamental attributes in chrysanthemum: Recent progress in biotechnological advances. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23: 12284. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    61. Meng L.S., Ding W.Q., Hu X., Wang C.Y. (2009a): Transformation of PttKN1 gene to cockscomb. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 31: 683-691. Go to original source...
    62. Meng L.S., Liu H.-L., Cui X., Sun X.D., Zhu J. (2009b): Asymmetric Leaves2-Like38 gene, a member of AS2/LOB family of Arabidopsis, causes leaf dorsoventral alternation in transgenic cockscomb plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 31: 1301-1306. Go to original source...
    63. Merlin C.M., Grant W. (1986): Hybridization studies in the genus Impatiens. Canadian Journal of Botany, Go to original source...
    64. 64: 1069-1074.
    65. Meyer P., Heidmann I., Forkmann G., Saedler H. (1987): A new petunia flower colour generated by transformation of a mutant with a maize gene. Nature, 330: 677-678. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    66. Miller N., Zalewska M. (2014): Somaclonal variation of chrysanthemum propagated in vitro from different explants types. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus, 13: 69-82.
    67. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India (2021): State-wise value of output from floriculture in India (At current prices) (2021). Available at https://www.indiastat.com/data/agriculture/floriculture. (accessed Mar 26, 2025)
    68. Misra P., Datta S.K. (2001): Direct differentiation of shoot buds in leaf segments of white marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 37: 466-470. Go to original source...
    69. Moazzam M. (2020): Changing leaf shape in ornamentals by genome editing CRISPR-Cas9 changing leaf shape of petunia. [Master's Thesis.] Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. (in Turkish)
    70. Mohamed M.H., Harris P.J.C., Henderson J. (2000): In vitro selection and characterisation of a drought tolerant clone of Tagetes minuta. Plant Science, 159: 213-222. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    71. Mohamed N., Taha R.M., Razak U.N.A.A. (2019): Micropropagation and cellular behaviour changes during in vitro flowering of Impatiens balsamina. Planta daninha, 37: e019170509. Go to original source...
    72. Mostafa G., Alfrmawy A., El-Mokade H. (2014): Induction of mutations in Celosia argentea using dimethyl sulphate and identification of genetic variation by ISSR markers. International Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics, 8: 44-56. Go to original source...
    73. Mostafa G., Alhamd M. (2016): Detection and evaluation the tetraploid plants of Celosia argentea induced by colchicines. International Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics, 10: 110-115. Go to original source...
    74. Nurcholis W., Aisyah S.I., Yudha Y.S., Sukma D. (2023): The analysis of morphological diversity and polyphenols content of Celosia cristata in M2 population induced by ethyl methane sulphonate: Genetic diversity of mutated C. cristata. Journal of Tropical Life Science, 13: 115-122. Go to original source...
    75. Pal S., Singh A.K., Sisodia A., Pal A., Tiwari A. (2018): Evaluation of double whorled balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.) genotypes for growth, flowering and seed attributes. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7: 2901-2904.
    76. Pal S., Singh A.K., Sisodia A. (2023): Effect of physical and chemical mutagens on flowering and seed attributes of balsam (Impatiens balsamina). The Pharma Innovation Journal, 12: 4318-4326.
    77. Pallavi B., Nivas S., D'Souza L., Ganapathi T., Hegde S. (2017): Gamma rays induced variations in seed germination, growth and phenotypic characteristics of Zinnia elegans var. Dreamland. Advances in Horticultural Science, 31: 267-273.
    78. Patil U., Karale A., Katwate S., Patil M. (2017): Mutation breeding in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora T.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6: 230-232.
    79. Pavingerová D., Dostál J., Bísková R., Benetka V. (1994): Somatic embryogenesis and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of chrysanthemum. Plant Science, 97: 95-101. Go to original source...
    80. Prakash U.S., Reddy P.S.K., Mahesh D., Reddy B.G., Mahesh U. (2023): Hybrid seed production techniques in flower crops. Chapter 3. In: Naik B.P.K., Reddy P.S.K, Jyothi G., Raju T.R. (eds): Advances in Horticulture and Allied Sciences. Ayothiapattinam, Royal Book Publishing: 27-34.
    81. Qian Y.-X., Gao J., Jin Y.-H., Wang R.-H., Xu L., Qi Z.-C. (2019): The complete chloroplast genome sequence of plumed cockscomb (Celosia argentea, Amaranthaceae). Mitochondrial DNA Part B, 4: 2123-2124. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    82. Raghuvanshi S., Singh A.K. (1979): Gamma-ray induced mutations in diploid and autotetraploid perennial Portulaca Grandiflora, Hook. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 36: 84-87.
    83. Ravindra N., Kulkarni R., Gayathri M., Ramesh S. (2004): Somaclonal variation for some morphological traits, herb yield, essential oil content and essential oil composition in an Indian cultivar of rose-scented geranium. Plant Breeding, 123: 84-86. Go to original source...
    84. Rogo U., Fambrini M., Pugliesi C. (2023): Embryo rescue in plant breeding. Plants, 12: 3106. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    85. Salunkhe D.K., Desai B.B., Bhat N.R. (1987): Vegetable and Flower Seed Production. New Delhi, Agricole Publishing Academy.
    86. Sarmah D., Sutradhar M., Singh B.K. (2017): Somaclonal variation and its' application in ornamentals plants. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 5: 396-406. Go to original source...
    87. Sattler M.C., Carvalho C.R., Clarindo W.R. (2016): The polyploidy and its key role in plant breeding. Planta, 243: 281-296. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    88. Shahin S.S., Campbel W., Pollard L., Hamson A. (1971): Interspecific hybrids of Zinnia peruviana and Z. elegans through embryo culture. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 96: 365-367. Go to original source...
    89. Sharma H.C. (1999): Embryo rescue following wide crosses. In: Hall R.D. (ed.): Plant Cell Culture Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Totowa, Humana Press: 293-307. Go to original source...
    90. Shibata M. (2008): Importance of genetic transformation in ornamental plant breeding. Plant Biotechnology, 25: 3-8. Go to original source...
    91. Shulga O.A., Mitiouchkina T.Y., Shchennikova A.V., Skryabin K.G., Dolgov S.V. (2011): Overexpression of AP1-like genes from Asteraceae induces early-flowering in transgenic Chrysanthemum plants. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 47: 553-560. Go to original source...
    92. Singh S.K. (2015): Breeding and biotechnology of flowers. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 72: ii.
    93. Srivastava A. (2018): In vitro mutagenic studies of Portulaca spp. [PhD. Thesis.] Pratapgunj, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda (India).
    94. Stieve S., Stimart D. (1996): Somaclonal variation in Zinnia. In: Bajaj Y.P.S. (ed.): Somaclonal Variation in Crop Improvement II. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Berlin, Springer: 346-355. Go to original source...
    95. Su J., Jiang J., Zhang F., Liu Y., Ding L., Chen S., Chen F. (2019): Current achievements and future prospects in the genetic breeding of chrysanthemum: A review. Horticulture Research, 6: 109. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    96. Suprasanna P., Jain, S.M. (2021): Biotechnology and induced mutations in ornamental plant improvement. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 1334: 1-12. Go to original source...
    97. Taha R.M., Wafa S.N. (2012): Plant regeneration and cellular behaviour studies in Celosia cristata grown in vivo and in vitro. The Scientific World Journal, 2012: 359413. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    98. Teixeira da Silva, J.A., Shinoyama H., Aida R., Matsushita Y., Raj S.K., Chen F. (2013): Chrysanthemum biotechnology: Quo vadis? Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 32: 21-52. Go to original source...
    99. Tian X.-L., Ma Y.-P. (2022): Horticultural applications of natural hybrids as an accelerating way for breeding woody ornamental plants. Frontiers in Genetics, 13: 1047100. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    100. Tugbaeva A.S., Ermoshin A.A., Wuriyanghan H., Kiseleva I.S. (2023): Lignification in zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) stem sections of different age: Biochemical and molecular genetic traits. Horticulturae, 9: 410. Go to original source...
    101. Ullah L., ul Amin N., Wali A., Ali A., Khan S.S., Ali M.S., Kabir R. (2019): Improvement of Zinnia flower (Zinnia elegans) through evaluating of various pinching methods. Global Advanced Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 8: 179-184.
    102. Urban L.A., Sherman J.M., Moyer J.W., Daub M.E. (1994): High frequency shoot regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora). Plant Science, 98: 69-79. Go to original source...
    103. Van Huylenbroeck J. (2019): Breeding for sustainable ornamental plants. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 1288: 1-8. Go to original source...
    104. van Wordragen M.F., de Jong J., Huitema H.B., Dons H.J. (1991): Genetic transformation of Chrysanthemum using wild type Agrobacterium strains; strain and cultivar specificity. Plant Cell Reports, 9: 505-508. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    105. Venkatachalam P., Jayabalan N. (1997): Effect of gamma rayson some qualitative and quantitative characters in Zinnia elegans Jacq. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 57: 255-261.
    106. Volker P.W., Orme R.K. (1988): Provenance trials of Eucalyptus globulus and related species in Tasmania [blue gum]. Australian Forestry, 51: 257-265. Go to original source...
    107. Votruba R., Kodytek K. (1987): Investigation of genetic stability in Chrysanthemum morifolium 'Blanche Poitevine Supreme' after meristem culture. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 226: 311-320. Go to original source...
    108. Warhade M.I., Badere R.S. (2015): Isolation of callus lines of Celosia cristata L. with variation in betalain content. The Journal of Indian Botanical Society, 99: 89-96.
    109. Wasscher J. (1956): The importance of sports in some florist's flowers. Euphytica, 5: 163-170. Go to original source...
    110. Wolff K., Peters-van Rijn J. (1993): Rapid detection of genetic variability in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) using random primers. Heredity, 71: 335-341. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    111. Xu J., Naing A.H., Bunch H., Jeong J., Kim H., Kim C.K. (2021): Enhancement of the flower longevity of petunia by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted editing of ethylene biosynthesis genes. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 174: 111460. Go to original source...
    112. Yaacob J.S., Saleh A., Elias H., Abdullah S., Mahmad N., Mohamed N. (2014): In vitro regeneration and acclimatization protocols of selected ornamental plants (Agapanthus praecox, Justicia betonica and Celosia cristata). Sains Malaysiana, 43: 715-722.
    113. Ye Y., Zhang J., Ning G., Bao M. (2008): A comparative analysis of the genetic diversity between inbred lines of Zinnia elegans using morphological traits and RAPD and ISSR markers. Scientia Horticulturae, 118: 1-7. Go to original source...
    114. Yepes L.M., Mittak V., Pang S.-Z., Gonsalves C., Slightom J.L., Gonsalves D. (1995): Biolistic transformation of chrysanthemum with the nucleocapsid gene of tomato spotted wilt virus. Plant Cell Reports, 14: 694-698. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    115. Yu S.X., Janssens S.B., Zhu X.Y., Lidén M., Gao T.G., Wang W. (2016): Phylogeny of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae): Integrating molecular and morphological evidence into a new classification. Cladistics, 32: 179-197. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    116. Yue Y., Ren M., Quan Y., Lian M., Piao X., Wu S., Zhou Y., Jin M., Gao R. (2020): Autopolyploidy in Chrysanthemum cv. 'Gongju' improved cold tolerance. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 38: 655-665. Go to original source...
    117. Zalewska M., Miler N., Tymoszuk A., Drzewiecka B., Winiecki J. (2010): Results of mutation breeding activity on Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam. in Poland. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, 13: 27-35.
    118. Zhang B., Yang X., Yang C., Li M., Guo Y. (2016): Exploiting the CRISPR/Cas9 system for targeted genome mutagenesis in petunia. Scientific Reports, 6: 20315. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    119. Zhang H., Lina S., Lifang L., Haibo X., Rongfeng C., Zijing L., Shiwei Z., Zunzheng W. (2022): Interspecific hybridization with African marigold (Tagetes erecta) can improve flower-related performance in French marigold (T. patula). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 50: 12808 Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content