Horticultural Science - Latest articles
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Impact of thinning level and timing on yield, maturity, and quality of Merlot grapevines under the Big T trellis system
Ilknur Korkutal, Elman Bahar, Gamze Uysal Seckin, Derya Akinci
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(3):227-234 | DOI: 10.17221/109/2025-HORTSCI 
This study evaluated the effects of cluster thinning on yield and quality of 12-year-old Merlot/41B grapevines over the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 growing seasons. Six phenological stages-before flowering, setting, bunch closure, veraison, half maturity, and before maturity-and three thinning levels (0%, 25%, and 50%) were assessed. Key parameters included total soluble solids (TSS), total acidity (TA), pH, sugar accumulation, maturity indices (TSS/TA, pH2 × °Brix), secondary metabolites (total anthocyanins, total tannins, total phenolic content, total polyphenol index), and yield. Cluster thinning significantly enhanced most...
Effect of pre-harvest chemical treatments on post-harvest disease control and quality enhancement in banana fruits
Murugan Loganathan, Raman Thangavelu, Kalimuthu Muthubharathi, Subramanian Bagavathi, Karur Nallappagounder Shiva, Govindasamy Prabhu, Banerjee Kaushik, Hingmire Sandip, Arumugam Mohanasundram, Ramasamy Selvarajan
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(3):182-192 | DOI: 10.17221/100/2025-HORTSCI
Bananas, as climacteric fruits, are highly prone to rapid deterioration caused by fungal pathogens, resulting in considerable post-harvest losses. These pathogens typically infect the fruit during field growth, resulting in latent infections that develop into disease after harvest. Generally, several rounds of fungicides such as Carbendazim, Mancozeb + Carbendazim, Trifloxystrobin + Tebuconazole, and Propiconazole are applied to manage fungal diseases like Fusarium wilt and leaf spot in the field. This study assessed the effectiveness of these chemicals on post-harvest diseases, fruit quality and residual toxicity. All four fungicides recorded...
The effect of exogenous salicylic acid on the germination and seedling growth of sweet melon (Cucumis melo L.) seeds under NaCl stress
Chun Liu, Lingyue Wang, Jinjin Li, Yupeng Fang
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(3):235-248 | DOI: 10.17221/78/2025-HORTSCI
The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) on seed germination and seedling growth physiology of sweet melon under NaCl stress. Under salt stress, low concentrations of 0.25–0.5 mmol/L SA treatment can effectively alleviate plant salt damage and promote the germination rate of sweet melon seeds. Simultaneously, high concentrations of SA had a significant inhibitory effect on the root length, root fresh weight, and root : shoot ratio of sweet melon, but using medium concentrations (1.0 mmol/L) of SA can increase the root length and root : shoot ratio of seedlings. In addition,...
Effects of nitrogen on the hydraulic characteristics and biomass allocation in Notopterygium franchetii in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Shengrong Xu, Lili Pei, Honghong Zhou, Yijin Hu, Li Tong, Ruili Ma
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(3):193-203 | DOI: 10.17221/53/2025-HORTSCI
Nitrogen fertiliser changes the soil environment, regulates the water balance of plants, and directly affects nitrogen and water use efficiency. In order to identify the adaptation mechanism and water regulation strategy of Notopterygium franchetii to the soil nitrogen environment, this study was conducted. Two-year-old Notopterygium franchetii plants grown in farmland were used as the test material. The hydraulic characteristics, natural dehydration, water capacitance and biomass allocation were investigated at three nitrogen application levels (0, 40, 80 kg/ha) and four growth periods (seedling, jointing, flowering and harvesting...
Identification of essential oils of Mentha rotundifolia from north-east Jijel region and their antifungal potential against Botrytis cinerea
Zehaira Bouziane, Hind Sebti
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(3):213-226 | DOI: 10.17221/33/2025-HORTSCI
The objective of the present research is to determine the main essential oils of Mentha rotundifolia and to clarify the antifungal effect of these oils against Botrytis cinerea isolated from strawberries. The essential oils were obtained from hydrodistillation of fresh leaves, and the composition was determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results show that the essential oils yield is in the order of 1.37%, and the main components were identified as pulegone 39.21%, ß-cubebene 11.72%, caryophyllene 9.18%, D-limonene 4.7%, ß-ocimene 2.39%, myrcene 2.21%, myrtenol 2.1%, ß-farnesene 2.03%, respectively. The essential...
Plums: Their potential in cultivation, breeding, and use
Lukáı Maryıka, Lubor Zelenŭ
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(3):169-181 | DOI: 10.17221/213/2024-HORTSCI
Plums are one of the most important and most overlooked fruits. Their nutritional value, composition, antioxidant potential, and vitamin content place them at the forefront of the food industry. Their potential is so great that plums are one of the fruits being considered for space travel. Prunes are not just a hot topic for astronauts. The possibility of growing plums in a cultivation box at reduced or zero gravity has also been studied. The sharka virus (Plum pox virus) is responsible for the major economic losses worldwide. Efforts are being made to develop the most effective way to control the spread of the virus between trees, as there...
Comparative evaluation of IBA and NAA effects on rhizogenesis and shoot morphogenesis in rose stem cuttings
Wagdi Saber Soliman, Khaled Saad-Eldeen, Ahmed M. Abbas, Mohammed O. lshaharni, Abd-Allah Gahory
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(3):204-212 | DOI: 10.17221/192/2024-HORTSCI
This study was conducted at the Floriculture Nursery, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt, during the 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 growing seasons. The experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of two plant growth regulators (PGRs), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), on the root and shoot development of rose, a species known for its poor rooting ability. A split-plot arrangement within a randomised complete block design was used, with PGR type assigned to the main plots and concentrations (control, 500, 1 000, 1 500, and 2 000 ppm) allocated to the sub-plots. Both IBA and NAA significantly...
Determination of LD50 and GR50 for gamma irradiation in dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.): Comparative study of red and white cultivars
Ganesan Karunakaran, Gopavaram Pavithra, Vangala Sivaramakrishna, Thandavarajan Sakthivel, Manivannan Arivalagan, Duraisamy Kalaivanan, Anbazhagan Thirugnanavel, Thimmarayappa Ruchitha, Kumarswamy Abhilash
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(3):249-258 | DOI: 10.17221/108/2024-HORTSCI
Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.), an exotic vine cactus valued for its vitamin C and antioxidant content, shows limited genetic improvement through conventional breeding, making mutation breeding a promising alternative. The present study assessed the radiosensitivity of two cultivars (‘Red’ and ‘White’) using cobalt-60 gamma irradiation at 100–1 000 Gy. Seeds were pre-soaked, irradiated, and evaluated for germination, survival, and growth parameters. Linear regression analysis revealed lethal dose (LD50) values of 674.28 Gy (‘Red’) and 731.06 Gy (‘White’), while growth reduction...
Seasonal changes in Elaeocarpus sylvestris leaf colour and physiology
Qingqing Liu, Zhijun Huang, Xiaolong Tian, Zhangwei Tan
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(2):160-168 | DOI: 10.17221/18/2025-HORTSCI
Leaves of Elaeocarpus sylvestris (Lour.) Poir. were sampled on five dates between autumn and winter and analysed to identify the factors causing progressive changes in leaf colour and physiological characteristics. Colour parameters L*, a*, C*, and s* increased significantly, particularly s*, which changed from 8 518.79 to 13 044.77 (53.13%) over the sampling period. Changes in leaf colour parameters indicated that E. sylvestris leaves became reddish, and colour brightness and purity increased. Total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents decreased significantly, with mean values on December 30 being...
Investigating the role of 6-BAP and 2,4-DPA in enhancing biochemical nutrients and reducing fruit drop and cracking of litchi cv. Bombai
Bikash Chandra Sarker, Shams Shaila Islam, Kanij Farhana, M.A. Hakim, Thanet Khomphet
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(2):148-159 | DOI: 10.17221/47/2025-HORTSCI
Litchi fruit dropping is a major issue that leads to low yields while degrading biochemical nutrient qualities by fruit cracking and reduced income for litchi growers in Bangladesh. To address this, an experiment was conducted to determine the effects of biochemical nutrients and the ability to reduce fruit cracking and dropping in the litchi cv. ‘Bombai’ under various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-DPA). The study followed a two-factor factorial experiment in a randomised complete block design, using four levels for each growth regulator: control, 20, 30, and 40 ppm 2,4-DPA, and similarly...
Eco-physiological attributes of Physalis philadelphica, Physalis angulata and Physalis pubescens in the Valley of Mexico
Edgar Javier Morales Morales, Edgar Jesus Morales Rosales, Jose Antonio Lopez Sandoval, Gabriela BereniceVilchis Granados
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(2):138-147 | DOI: 10.17221/209/2024-HORTSCI
The processes and mechanisms that determine the growth and yield of crops in different environments are necessary to increase agricultural production, since they guide us in the choice of the most appropriate management practices. The aim of the study was to evaluate, during the years 2018, 2019, 2020, the performance of Physalis philadelphica, Physalis angulata and Physalis pubescens as a function of leaf area index, light extinction coefficient and radiation use efficiency. Research was carried out at the Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. Results revealed that...
Biomass production of lettuce: Nitrogen fertiliser and harvesting period effects on phytochemical composition in growth chamber-grown
Soran Aziz, Fuad Othman Abdullah, Ayman Al-Qaanehd, Matteo Micuccie
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(2):129-137 | DOI: 10.17221/173/2024-HORTSCI
Concern over the potential health benefits of the phytochemical compounds in lettuce has grown as intake of leafy vegetables, especially lettuce, has increased. This study was to investigate the effect of periods harvesting and the different dose of nitrogen fertilisation, including low, normal and high (100, 200 and 300 mg/L) respectively, on level of phytochemical compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids and chlorophylls in lettuce. The experiment was conducted in the growth chamber at Newcastle University. The plants were randomly designed for 3 treatments with 15 replications. Plants were harvested in three different periods. The...
Investigation on morphological, photosynthetic traits, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) roots infection in sago palm (Metroxylon sagu rottb.) under saline condition
Aidil Azhar, Lili Dahliani, Iis Purnamawati, Wanda Russianzi, Merry Gloria Meliala, Fatimah Nur Istiqomah, Andi Nur Cahyo, Hiroshi Ehara
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(2):110-118 | DOI: 10.17221/26/2025-HORTSCI
This study investigated the response of sago palms to saline conditions, focusing on their morphological and photosynthetic performance. The photosynthetic traits were evaluated using OJIP chlorophyll fluorescence transient. The plants were exposed to a saline condition of 224 mM NaCl, and their ability to form associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was also assessed. We tested both commercial AMF products, containing spores from multiple genera, and isolated AMF spores from Glomus etunicatum and Glomus grape, to determine their ability to infect sago palm roots under high salt conditions. The results showed that sago palms...
Effect of the application of phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina platensis) as fertiliser on bioactive compounds in microgreens
Sila Barut Gök, Funda Özdüven, Funda Eryilmaz Açikgöz, Çetin Yağcilar
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(2):119-128 | DOI: 10.17221/113/2024-HORTSCI
Bio-fertilisation has gained popularity due to its sustainability in agricultural practice. One of the cyanobacterial-based bio-fertilisers is Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina platensis), which contains phycocyanin, a blue protein pigment that is abundant in Spirulina sp., that boosts the growth yield and bioactive content of plants. The aim of the current study is to determine the alteration in antioxidant and phenolic content in red cabbage microgreens (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra) by treating different organs of the plant with phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis. The phycocyanin...
Somatic embryogenesis and in vitro plant regeneration of Manzano (AAB) and Pelipita (ABB) banana cultivars
Adrián José Enríquez-Valencia, Martín Mata-Rosas, Claudia-Anahí Pérez-Torres, Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(2):100-109 | DOI: 10.17221/35/2025-HORTSCI
There is significant interest in the propagation of bananas due to their substantial global economic importance, which is why this study aimed to develop an efficient protocol for in vitro propagation through somatic embryogenesis (SE) of the ‘Manzano’ and ‘Pelipita’ cultivars. Immature male flower bud explants were used for embryogenic callus induction. The ‘Manzano’ cultivar showed a higher percentage of embryogenic callus induction than ‘Pelipita’. Stereomicroscopic observations revealed that the embryogenic callus was asynchronous, as various stages of somatic embryos were noted. White translucent...
A comparison of seven macadamia cultivars for suitability to the high altitude and high latitude climate of southern Tibet in China
Jifeng Wan, Minghong Zou, Ximei Song, Qian Yang, Hui Zeng, Yang Zhao
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(2):93-99 | DOI: 10.17221/166/2024-HORTSCI
The suitability of macadamia trees for different climates has been shown to affect tree growth and fruit quality. In this study, the differences in tree survival rate after frost injury, tree growth, nut mass, kernel quality and yield of seven macadamia cultivars were evaluated for field production in the high altitude and high latitude climate of southern Tibet, and the suitability of macadamia cultivars was determined. The cultivars evaluated were ‘Beaumont’ (‘HAES695’), ‘HVA16’ (‘A16’), ‘Hinde’ (‘H2’), ‘Own Choice’ (‘O.C.’), ‘SSCRI-1’,...
List of Reviewers 2025
Editorial Office
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(1)
Exogenous selenium treatment promoted garlic (Allium sativum L.) growth and improved product quality
Chuandong Qi, Jie Zhou, Dan Peng, Qingqing Zhao, Fanghua Wu, Jinping Wu, Fengling Guo
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(1):70-80 | DOI: 10.17221/79/2024-HORTSCI
Selenium is an essential trace element in the human body, mainly obtained from the daily diet. Producing selenium-rich agricultural products through selenium-rich cultivation is an important cultivation method. Selenium-rich agricultural products can effectively supplement the selenium element needed by the human body in daily life. In this study, we conducted research on selenium-rich cultivation techniques for garlic, and different concentrations of sodium selenite solutions were used for garlic field treatment. We tested the related agronomic traits, nutritional indicators, and selenium content of garlic sprouts and garlic bulbs. The yield of garlic...
Development of a hybrid apple population: MAS-based testing for Vf gene detection and preliminary field evaluation of its scab resistance
Georgeta Maria Guzu, Ioan Zagrai, Claudiu Moldovan, Smaranda Doina Roșu-Mareș, Luminița Antonela Zagrai, Anca Maria Chiorean, Mirela Irina Cordea
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(1):59-69 | DOI: 10.17221/196/2024-HORTSCI
The apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, is one of the most devastating diseases of apples because it drastically affects the aerial parts of the tree. Apple breeding programs frequently aim to develop cultivars exhibiting resistance to scab. Thus, controlled pollinations were performed on apple trees in 2021. The experiment was organised into a hybridisation scheme involving six apple cultivars. The scheme consists of: five female genitors (‘Auriu de Bistrița’, ‘Jonathan’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Starkrimson’, and ‘Idared’) and one male genitor (‘Florina’ –...
Determination of yield and biochemical characteristics of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) grown in subtropical climate zone
Fatma Uysal Bayar
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(1):49-58 | DOI: 10.17221/34/2024-HORTSCI
Curcuma longa L., known as turmeric, is a plant species belonging to the Zingiberaceae family. Turmeric is generally spread in Asian countries. It is used in many sectors, especially spices. It has been predicted that increasing climatic changes will affect the agricultural crop pattern. To provide an alternative crop for countries with sub-tropical climates, such as Turkey, the yield and quality values of turmeric grown under the greenhouse and shade net conditions were determined in the present study. Moreover, morphological traits such as plant height, tillering number, and leaf area were determined. The highest fresh yield (1 333.67 g/plant)...
Modified atmosphere packaging influences germination and seedling growth of organic-coated cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds
Wissanee Pola, Arak Tira-Umphon, Kumrai Buensanteai, Sukanya Aiamla-or
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(1):38-48 | DOI: 10.17221/148/2024-HORTSCI
Organic seed coating is an alternative method for supporting sustainable agriculture. This study investigates the influence of organic coating and seed storability on cucumber seeds using atmosphere-controlling techniques. The seeds were coated with an organic formulation, and a non-coated seed was used as a control. All samples were then packed using modified atmosphere packaging, including normal air, 100% N2, and 100% CO2, and stored under ambient conditions (30 ± 2 °C) for 8 months. Results indicated that the organic seed coating did not significantly affect seed germination compared to the non-coated seeds (P >...
Performance of different banana varieties (Musa spp. AAA) under protected cultivation in terms of morphological, yield and quality characteristicss
Sabriye Atmaca, Halil İbrahim Yolcu, Gökhan Erdoğan, Hakan Sert, Hamide Gübbük
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(1):27-37 | DOI: 10.17221/51/2024-HORTSCI
Recently, protected cultivation of bananas under subtropical conditions has gained popularity due to the impact of global climate change. Several factors influence the yield and quality of banana cultivation. Among these factors, variety plays an important role along with cultural practices. This study aimed to determine the performance of ‘Azman’, ‘Bango’, ‘Bonus’, ‘Grand Nain’, ‘Lider’, and ‘Paşa’ banana varieties in terms of morphological and yield characteristics under protected cultivation, as well as to elucidate the relationship between yield and factors affecting yield....
Phenolic and antioxidant assessment of the flowers, stems, leaves, and fruits of Rosa pimpinellifolia and Rosa canina at different growth time
Mehmet Öz, Onur Tolga Okan, Cemalettin Baltaci
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(1):15-26 | DOI: 10.17221/163/2023-HORTSCI
Natural plants are abundant in their native habitats and are traditionally used to treat a variety of health conditions. The Rosa genus stands out as an important species rich in bioactive compounds. This study, conducted in Türkiye, aimed to analyse the antioxidant and phenolic profiles of methanolic extracts obtained from different parts of Rosa canina (R.c.) and Rosa pimpinelifolia (R.p.) collected in 2021 and 2022. The antioxidant activity values of R.c. collected in 2021 and 2022 were found to be between 5 102.31–46 396.36 mmol Fe(II)/100 g in ferric reducing antioxidant...
Powdery mildew (Erysiphales) on ornamental plants in the Czech Republic
Markéta Michutová, Maria Neoralová, Barbora Jilková, Jana Vichová, Helena Pluhaèková, Ivana İafranková
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(1):1-14 | DOI: 10.17221/38/2025-HORTSCI
Ornamental perennials are highly popular and irreplaceable plants commonly used for enhancing public spaces and private gardens. One of the most frequently occurring pathogens is powdery mildew, a parasitic fungus that covers leaves, stems, and flowers with a whitish to light grey mycelium and reproductive structures. It significantly reduces not only the lifespan of plants but also their aesthetic value. A field survey of ornamental plants infected with powdery mildew was conducted during the growing seasons of 2021–2023 in the Czech Republic. Thirty-nine species and cultivars of infected plants from 17 families were collected from botanical...
Optimisation of seed germination and seedling cultivation conditions for Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Acanthus ilicifolius in a plant factory
Jiawen Su, Hongxia Li, Yisong Guo, Lemian Liu, Jianfeng Chen
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2026, 53(1):81-91 | DOI: 10.17221/14/2025-HORTSCI
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Acanthus ilicifolius are key mangrove species, but their populations have declined recently due to human activities. To promote their restoration, this study optimised seed germination and seedling cultivation using the plant factory method. The parameters, such as illumination, salinity, temperature and nutrient conditions, were examined. Our results showed that suitable illumination, salinity and temperature promoted seed germination of both species. Nutrient addition promoted the germination of B. gymnorrhiza but had little effect on A. ilicifolius. Both species of seedlings grew...
Index Volume 52
Editorial Office
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2025, 52(4)
Knowing your enemy before taking the field: A screening of salt and UV-B treatments to boost the biochemical defences of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., ‘Moneymaker’ cultivar) plantlets in controlled conditions
Maria Calogera Sciampagna, Alessia Mannucci, Salvatore Limpido, Annamaria Ranieri, Antonella Castagna, Marco Santin
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2025, 52(4):353-362 | DOI: 10.17221/109/2023-HORTSCI
Plants are commonly exposed to different abiotic stress factors that can threaten their growth and development. Abiotic treatments might be used as a tool to increase the tolerance of plants grown in controlled environments before being transplanted in open fields, but this technique needs a careful choice of the stressor dose. We screened several UV-B radiation doses (1 h, 3 h, 6 h and 8 h per day) and NaCl doses (75 mM, 150 mM, 300 mM), separately, to be employed as preconditioning treatments of tomato plantlets (Solanum lycopersicum L., ‘Moneymaker’ cultivar) cultivated in a controlled environment. Biometric parameters and...
Degree of seedbed compaction and response of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) under different traffic treatments
Esra Nur Gül, Emine Polat, Engin Özgöz, Naif Geboloğlu
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2025, 52(4):342-352 | DOI: 10.17221/143/2024-HORTSCI
Soil compaction has negative impacts on plant productivity. Degradation of soil structure as a result of soil compaction can inhibit the development of plant roots and make it difficult for plants to take up water and nutrients. This can negatively affect plant growth and productivity. Compaction restricts plant root growth by increasing mechanical resistance, reducing oxygen uptake, and thus reducing crop yields as it inhibits plant development. In this study, the effects of soil compaction due to machinery traffic on the physical structure of soil, morphological characteristics and yield of spinach were investigated in Tokat, where vegetable...
Effects of nutrient solutions on growth, yield and quality of yardlong bean plant (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis L.) grown in a hydroponic system
Thi Thuy Le, Phuong Thao Nguyen, Thi Van Pham, Thi Oanh Nguyen
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2025, 52(4):333-341 | DOI: 10.17221/1/2025-HORTSCI
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three nutrient solutions (Hoagland, Knop, and Hydro Umat F) on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of hydroponically cultivated yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis L.). Results showed that Hydro Umat F extended the plant lifespan (105.4 days) and flowering time (58.65 days), increased the number of branches per plant, and enhanced leaf SPAD values. Plants grown in Hydro Umat F also exhibited the highest yield, as indicated by the number of flowers per plant (46.12), number of pods per plant (20.81), pod length (54.15 cm), pod weight (20.06 g), and total pod weight...
Short- and long-term effects of elevated CO2 on the growth and nitrogen content of Panax japonicus
Xiao Wang, E Liang, Deyan Li, Xiaohui Song
Hort. Sci. (Prague), 2025, 52(4):324-332 | DOI: 10.17221/110/2024-HORTSCI
Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C.A. Mey is a rare plant that is used in Chinese herbal medicine. Two-year-old Panax japonicus seedlings were grown in open-top chambers under ambient CO2 (aCO2), moderately (e1CO2: 550 ± 15 μmol/mol) or substantially (e2CO2: 750 ± 15 μmol/mol) elevated CO2 to study their effects on plant growth and nitrogen (N) content. After 27 days, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of e2CO2-treated seedlings was significantly higher (20.09%) than that of seedlings grown under aCO2. However, by day 51, the...